From Lexicanum

A Space Marine homeworld is the base for a Space Marine fortress-monastery. For some Chapters the world also serves as their sole recruiting world; other chapters draw their recruits from several planets.

A "Chapter planet" is an Astartes world which is both governed by the chapter and which serves as the base for their fortress-monastery³.

Astartes homeworlds may be Imperial planets, while some are not planets at all, but take the form of orbiting spacecraft, deserted moons and asteroids. The commander of the chapter is often also the traditional ruler of the chapter planet, in which case the Chapter Master also holds the rank of Planetary Governor.¹

Many Astartes homeworlds are Feral Worlds, which provide the best warriors. Not all Space Marine Chapters have a single homeworld; some chapters such as the Imperial Fists and Black Templars take their aspirants from several different worlds. Entirely fleet-based chapters do not possess worlds, and instead recruit from any convenient and promising worlds.

Several Space Marine Chapters guilty of treason (but those still deemed redeemable), such as the Mantis Warriors and Executioners, have been forced to forfeit their homeworlds - which forces them to become totally fleet-based chapters².

List of Adeptus Astartes Homeworlds

• Baal - Blood Angels
• Badab - Astral Claws
• Barbarus - Death Guard
• The Black Planet - Harbingers
• Caliban - Dark Angels - destroyed (asteroid field)
• Chemos - Emperor's Children
• Colchis - Word Bearers
• Cretacia - Flesh Tearers
• Cthonia - Black Legion (Luna Wolves)
• Deliverance - Raven Guard
• Fenris - Space Wolves
• Macragge - Ultramarines
• Medusa - Iron Hands
• Mundus Planus - White Scars
• Nocturne - Salamanders
• Nostramo - Night Lords - destroyed
• Olympia - Iron Warriors
• Pervigilium - Angels of Vigilance
• Posul - Mortifactors
• Prospero - Thousand Sons
• Rynn's World - Crimson Fists
• Terra - Imperial Fists
• Titan - Grey Knights
• Torva Minoris - Relictors

Worlds of the Galaxy
Imperium	Adeptus Astartes Homeworld • Agri World • Cardinal World • Civilised World • Dead World • Death World • Desert World • Feral World • Feudal World • Forge World • Garden World • Hive World • Ice World • Industrial World • Jungle World • Mining World • Ocean World • Paradise World • Penal World • Research Station • Shrine World
Xeno	Xenos World • Daemon World • Exodite World • Tomb World • Maiden World • Crone World • Ork World • Tau Empire • Craftworld

Sources

• ¹:Warhammer 40,000: Rogue Trader
• ²:White Dwarf 101(uk), "Index Astartes: The Badab Uprising", Rick Priestley
• ³:Codex Imperialis