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'''Citations''' and '''footnotes''' (often also referred to simply as ''sources'' or ''sourcing'') are essential elements of well-sourced Lexicanum articles. This page covers the formats used to reference sources on the Lexicanum.
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 +
==Most important rules summarized==
 +
*'''Precise and detailed citations are required for ''all'' text passages, images and media used in Lexicanum articles.'''
 +
*'''Only [[Warhammer 40k - Lexicanum:Accepted sources|accepted sources]] are permitted.'''
 +
*'''Users who fail to comply with Lexicanum Citation rules will be [[Warhammer 40k - Lexicanum:Banning policy|banned]] and their work deleted.'''
 +
 
 +
==Introduction==
 +
'''Citations''' and '''footnotes''' (often also referred to simply as ''sources'' or ''sourcing'') are essential elements of well-sourced Lexicanum articles. This page covers the rules and formats applied to properly reference sources on the Lexicanum.
  
 
==On the importance of sourcing==
 
==On the importance of sourcing==
Line 8: Line 15:
  
 
==What are acceptable sources?==
 
==What are acceptable sources?==
'''All sources used must be part of the [[Warhammer 40,000]] [[Warhammer 40k - Lexicanum:Canon|canon]]'''. While it is impossible to cover all eventualities this includes all official print or online material. If you are unsure if a source can be legitimately used, ask your fellow users, a [[Warhammer 40k - Lexicanum:Sysop|Lexicanum Sysop]] or a [[Warhammer 40k - Lexicanum:Bureaucrats|Bureaucrat]].
+
'''All sources used must be part of the [[Warhammer 40,000]] [[Warhammer 40k - Lexicanum:Accepted sources|acceptable sources]]'''. While it is impossible to cover all eventualities this includes all official print or online material. If you are unsure if a source can be legitimately used, ask your fellow users, a [[Warhammer 40k - Lexicanum:Administrators|Lexicanum Administrator]] or a [[Warhammer 40k - Lexicanum:Bureaucrats|Bureaucrat]].
  
We are aware that canon sources might contradict each other, but there is no "hierarchy of sources" - i.e. no official source is considered ''more valid'' than another official source. More recent sources do however take precedence over older sources. This does however ''not'' mean that the old information is considered "wrong" and has to be deleted altogether. It is an explicit goal of the Lexicanum to also reflect outdated information - with appropriate disclaimers and explanations.
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We are aware that accepted sources might contradict each other, but there is no "hierarchy of sources" - i.e. no official source is considered ''more valid'' than another official source. More recent sources do however take precedence over older sources. This does however ''not'' mean that the old information is considered "wrong" and has to be deleted altogether. It is an explicit goal of the Lexicanum to also reflect outdated information - with appropriate disclaimers and explanations.
  
 
==Citation format==
 
==Citation format==
 
==General requirements==
 
==General requirements==
In general sources must contains the exact '''title''' of the publication as it appears on the Lexicanum and the '''exact location of the information within the source'''. For print publications the latter means pagenumber(s), for e-book formats pagenumbers are not "fixed", therefore in this case chapter numbers are acceptable. In the case of websites the precise sub-link for the source is required. For details and practical considerations see below.
+
In general sources must contain the exact '''title''' of the publication as it appears on the Lexicanum (pay attention to not link to [[Warhammer 40k - Lexicanum:Redirect|redirects]] but to the correct target article) and the '''exact location of the information within the source'''. For print publications the latter means pagenumber(s) (or for example a specification like "front/ back cover"), for e-book formats pagenumbers are not "fixed", therefore in this case chapter numbers are acceptable. Do note that the names of authors are ''not'' included in the citations. For video and audio publications it also has to be mentioned where exactly in the file the information is to be found.
 +
<br><br>
 +
If an information "stretches" over several pages (or in extreme cases even chapters in for example a novel) the range of pages (or chapters) must be given in the citation. An example for this would be events that stretch over a period of time and can not be pinpointed to an exact paragraph or sentence in a source. Note however that on no account this practice is allowed to be abused to avoid the need for citations for details that can be pinpointed to an exact part of the source.
 +
<br><br>
 +
Do also note that for '''images''' the exactly corresponding source must be given, i.e. from which official source an image was taken ''as it appears'' or from which it ''was modified for use in the Lexicanum'' (the nature of the modification must also be mentioned in the corresponding image file). It is not allowed to merely use a source that only shows a ''similar'' image (for example to cite a novel cover as the source for the image if the original artwork used for the Lexicanum is clearly larger than the one used for the novel cover). Also do note that an '''explicit source for the actual subject''' of the image is required. This means you cannot simply assume/ interprete/ extrapolate that for example a person on a novel cover actually is the title character of said novel unless it is specifically stated in an official source or undisputable elements of the picture show this (e.g. the character's name on a banner or an inscription on the armour etc.) ''or'' there is really, really, really no doubt whatsoever. The latter case can normally only be argued for extremely well-known and depicted characters, such as the [[Emperor of Mankind|Emperor]] or the [[Primarch]]s.
 +
<br><br>
 +
In the case of '''websites''' the precise sub-link for the source is required. For details and practical considerations see below.
 +
<br><br>
 +
There is '''one''' exception where footnotes should not be used: For the [[:Template:Trivia|Trivia sections]] sources that are not officially recognized game or lore ressources the relevant sources should be formatted as [[Lexicanum:External Linking|direct external links to the source]] of the "Trivia" item (see also [[Warhammer_40k_-_Lexicanum:Allowed_content#References.2C_inspirations.2C_.22real_world.22_information|here]]).
  
 
==How often and where do I need to add citations?==
 
==How often and where do I need to add citations?==
Citations must at least be added at the end of ''each'' '''paragraph''' - even if there is only one source to an article. In other words: It is is compulsory to include a citation in any and all paragraphs. The reason behind this is that when information from another source is edited or added at a later date it will still be clear where which information is from.
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Citations must at least be added at the end of ''each'' '''paragraph''' (including the introductory one!) - even if there is only one source to an article. In other words: It is is compulsory to include a citation in any and all paragraphs. This also explicitly applies to the introductory sentence or paragraph at the beginning of an article. Any and all images used in an article must also be sourced with a citation at the end of the corresponding caption. The reason behind this is that when information from another source is edited or added at a later date it will still be clear where which information is from.
  
If multiple sources are used within the ''same'' paragraph the correct footnotes must be added at the end of the corresponding '''sentence''' - ''not'' in a "collective" citation at the end of the paragraph. If a specific information is found in different source, multiple footnotes are to be inserted accordingly at the end of the sentence or paragraph. If one sentence contains information from different sources it is best to place the citation directly behind the information it is the source for.
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If multiple sources are used within the ''same'' paragraph the correct footnotes must be added at the end of the corresponding '''sentence''' - ''not'' in a "collective" citation at the end of the paragraph. If a specific information is found in different sources, multiple footnotes are to be inserted accordingly at the end of the sentence or paragraph. It does however not make a lot of sense to add a huge number of different sources saying exactly the same - common sense and a policy of "not overdoing it" should be applied in these cases. If one sentence contains information from different sources it is best to place the citation directly behind the information it is the source for.
 +
 
 +
===Citations in tables===
 +
Entries into tables (for example about details of a unit) also require citations.
 +
 
 +
===Citations in lists===
 +
Entries into lists (for example about members of an organization) also require citations. However due to space restrictions and because each item in a list also has its own article '''one''' source only is permitted per entry - the complete list of sources can be found in the article proper.
  
 
==How to add citations==
 
==How to add citations==
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<pre>Paragraph of new text, or statement.{{Fn|1}}</pre>  
 
<pre>Paragraph of new text, or statement.{{Fn|1}}</pre>  
  
This footnote is then referenced under the level two "Sources" heading (i.e. <nowiki>==Sources==</nowiki>) at the end of the article:
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This footnote is then referenced as an ''internal'' (most cases) or ''external'' link (for web sites) under the level two "Sources" heading (i.e. <nowiki>==Sources==</nowiki>) at the end of the article:
  
:*{{Endn|1}}: [[Codex: Blood Angels (3rd Edition)]], p. 71
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:*{{Endn|1}}: [[Codex: Blood Angels (3rd Edition)]], pg. 71
  
 
'''Code:'''
 
'''Code:'''
 
<pre>
 
<pre>
*{{Endn|1}}: [[Codex: Blood Angels (3rd Edition)]], p. 71
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*{{Endn|1}}: [[Codex: Blood Angels (3rd Edition)]], pg. 71
 
</pre>
 
</pre>
  
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:<big>'''Sources'''</big>
 
:<big>'''Sources'''</big>
:*{{Endn|2}}: [[Codex: Black Templars (4th Edition)]], p. 42
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:*{{Endn|2}}: [[Codex: Black Templars (4th Edition)]], pg. 42
:*{{Endn|3}}: [[White Dwarf 286 (UK)]]: ''The Eye of Terror'', pp. 69-70
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:*{{Endn|3}}: [[White Dwarf 286 (UK)]]: ''The Eye of Terror'', pgs. 69-70
 +
 
 +
==Sources==
 +
*{{Endn|0}}: This footnote hasn't been researched at ''all''. Click the footnote number to see the in-line citation (it works both ways!).
  
 
==Different formats==
 
==Different formats==
 
The above example covers most print materials permitted as sources on Lexicanum. Some formats, however, have varying page numbers (for example digital publications depending on the font size used on e-readers or for paper versions different print runs, or different editions like hardback or softback issues) or irregular formats. Therefore we cannot rely on using pagenumbers for sourcing in these cases. Instead information should be cited as detailed below:
 
The above example covers most print materials permitted as sources on Lexicanum. Some formats, however, have varying page numbers (for example digital publications depending on the font size used on e-readers or for paper versions different print runs, or different editions like hardback or softback issues) or irregular formats. Therefore we cannot rely on using pagenumbers for sourcing in these cases. Instead information should be cited as detailed below:
  
In the case of '''novels''', chapter numbers are compulsory. If the chapters are not numbered chapter names or other divisions (e.g. "Part III") are to be used. Page numbers ''can'' be given for ''print'' sources (but since they may vary between print runs or format they should be accompanied by additonal information, for example "''printed in the US 2010''" or "''2011 Special Collector's edition''" etc.).
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In the case of '''novels''', chapter numbers are compulsory. These chapter numbers should retain the format as given in the original source, e.g. do not write ''"Chapter 9"'' if in the book it is written as "''Chapter IX"'' etc. If the chapters are not numbered chapter names or other divisions (e.g. "Part III") are to be used. Page numbers ''can'' be given for ''print'' sources (but since they may vary between print runs or format they should be accompanied by additonal information, for example "''printed in the US 2010''" or "''2011 Special Collector's edition''" etc.). Also do note that when specific information (e.g. image material) is only included in specific editions of a publication this '''must''' obviously be listed in the source section. Do note that the Lexicanum does not reference the authors, ISBN numbers or similar information in its citations. This information can be found in the corresponding articles about the source itself.
  
 
So for a typical novel the footnote should look like this:
 
So for a typical novel the footnote should look like this:
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'''Audiobooks''' are referenced in a similar manner to novels, but using track numbers instead of chapter numbers.
 
'''Audiobooks''' are referenced in a similar manner to novels, but using track numbers instead of chapter numbers.
  
:*{{Endn|10}}: [[Garro: Oath of Moment (Audio Book)]], Track 13: ''The Oath''
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:*{{Endn|10}}: [[Garro: Oath of Moment (Audio Book)]], Track 13: ''The Oath'', ca. 00h:03m:35s
 +
 
 +
==Citing multiple references from the same source==
 +
If the article you are editing or creating requires sourcing from more than one page of the source (e.g. different pages of the same book), then the main source must be listed under the main footnote number as a normal (i.e. non-footnote template) number (e.g. "16"), and the individual pages or chapters listed under the same number ''with consecutive letters added'' with the proper footnote template (e.g. <nowiki>{{Endn|16a}}</nowiki>, <nowiki>{{Endn|16b}}</nowiki>, <nowiki>{{Endn|16c}}</nowiki>...).
 +
 
 +
'''Example:'''
 +
:Statement sourced from one section of source material {{Fn|16a}} ... end of paragraph with citation for a ''different section'' of the ''same'' source material.{{Fn|16b}}
 +
 
 +
The footnotes for these citations are placed below the main source as an indented column by adding two asterisks (**) at the start of each footnote line. The source material is listed at the top, with a single asterisk (and without using the footnote template) (*).
 +
 
 +
:<big>'''Sources'''</big>
 +
:*16: [[Codex: Space Marines (5th Edition)]]:
 +
:**{{Endn|16a}}: pg. 27
 +
:**{{Endn|16b}}: pg. 31
 +
:**{{Endn|16c}}: pg. 45
 +
:**{{Endn|16d}}: pgs. 49-51
 +
 
 +
==Web site sourcing==
 +
Only official [[Games Workshop]] (and subsidiaries or license holders) websites or official channels used by ''Games Workshop'' (and subsidiaries or license holders) on media portals or social media sites etc. can be used as a source. Do not link to third party websites illegally hosting copyrighted material. Also note that only ''[[Wikipedia:Internet Archive|archive links]]'' are allowed to be listed as sources for files or in articles. The reason for this is quite simple: websites (and thereby the cited sources) constantly disappear. The only way to try to keep those sources accessible despite a potential removal is by using ''archive links'' from the [[Wikipedia: Wayback Machine|Wayback Machine]].
 +
 
 +
===Active sites===
 +
When citing a active web site, use the same process as citing any other allowed publication. This means that you must include an ''archive version'' of an [[Warhammer 40k - Lexicanum:External link|External link]] containing the name of the webpage ''and'' of the specific sub-page used as a source and as found (or saved by oneself) in the [[Wikipedia:Wayback Machine|Wayback Machine]]. This also applies for media portals or social media networks. If for example a date of posting was included you also have to include that in the ''exact'' form as given on the page. In the case of video or audio publications the precise position of the relevant part of the file must also be mentioned. Apart from the date of the archiving of the site you must also include a notation of when you viewed the site to use it as a source. '''Note:''' It is mandatory to work with [[Warhammer 40k - Lexicanum:Internet Archive|archived links]] as active web sites can disappear from the Internet without warning or trace. For more details on how to use ''archived'' links see further down.
  
==Web Site Sourcing==
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''Example 1:''
Only official [[Games Workshop]] (and subsidiaries or license holders) websites can be used as a source. Do not link to third party websites illegally hosting copyrighted material.
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:*{{Endn|12}}: [https://web.archive.org/web/20201126092400/https://www.games-workshop.com/en-EU/Titandeath-sb-2019 Games Workshop: Adeptus Titanicus: The Horus Heresy – Titandeath Campaign Book] ''(saved archive page, dated 26 November 2020, last accessed 14 March 2021)''
  
===PDF files===
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'''Code:'''
You cannot link directly to a pdf-document. Games Workshop policy state you must link to the Terms of Use that leads to the .pdf file.
+
<pre>
 +
*{{Endn|12}}: [https://web.archive.org/web/20201126092400/https://www.games-workshop.com/en-EU/Titandeath-sb-2019 Games Workshop: Adeptus Titanicus: The Horus Heresy – Titandeath Campaign Book] ''(saved archive page, dated 26 November 2020, last accessed 14 March 2021)''
 +
</pre>
  
===Active Sites===
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''Example 2:''
When citing a active web site, use the same process as citing any other allowed publication. This means that you must include an ''extenal'' link containing the name of the webpage ''and'' of the specific sub-page used as a source. You must also include a notation of when you viewed the site:
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:*{{Endn|15}}: [https://web.archive.org/web/20200106121459/https://www.warhammer-community.com/2019/08/12/successor-chapter-showcase-paul-nortons-iron-ravensgw-homepage-post-1/ Warhammer Community: Successor Chapter Showcase: Paul Norton’s Iron Ravens (Posted 12/08/2019)] ''(saved archive page, dated 06 January 2020, last accessed 14 March 2021)''
  
:*{{Endn|12}}: [http://www.armageddon3.com/ Armageddon 3] ''(last accessed 17 February 2007)''
+
'''Code:'''
 +
<pre>
 +
*{{Endn|15}}: [[https://web.archive.org/web/20200106121459/https://www.warhammer-community.com/2019/08/12/successor-chapter-showcase-paul-nortons-iron-ravensgw-homepage-post-1/ Warhammer Community: Successor Chapter Showcase: Paul Norton’s Iron Ravens (Posted 12/08/2019)] ''(saved archive page, dated 06 January 2020, last accessed 14 March 2021)
 +
</pre>
 +
 
 +
====Videos====
 +
Note that since the [[Wikipedia:Wayback Machine|Wayback Machine]] has trouble with archiving videos it is - at least currently - not compulsory to use ''archive links'' here. All other citation requirements do however apply.<br>
 +
 
 +
''Example:''
 +
:*{{Endn|19}}: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xjSu0HwM9xU Warhammer TV: Deathwatch - Building a Kill Team (published 22.08.2016)] ''(last accessed 27 January 2020)'': 00h:04m:27s
  
 
'''Code:'''
 
'''Code:'''
 
<pre>
 
<pre>
*{{Endn|12}}: [http://www.armageddon3.com/ Armageddon 3] ''(last accessed 17 February 2007)''
+
*{{Endn|19}}: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xjSu0HwM9xU Warhammer TV: Deathwatch - Building a Kill Team (published 22.08.2016)] ''(last accessed 27 January 2020)'': 00h:04m:27s
 +
</pre>
 +
 
 +
==Embedded videos==
 +
All [[Warhammer 40k - Lexicanum:Embedded video|Embedded video]]s must be sourced in their description. Note that only videos from [[Warhammer 40k - Lexicanum:Accepted sources|Accepted sources]] are allowed. Also note that since the [[Wikipedia:Wayback Machine|Wayback Machine]] has trouble with archiving videos it is - at least currently - not compulsory to use ''archive links'' here. All other citation requirements do however apply.<br>
 +
 
 +
''Example:''
 +
:*{{Endn|1}}: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oYNwYo9GA7w Warhammer TV: The Daemonifuge Returns (published 04.04.2020)] ''(last accessed 30 May 2020)''
 +
 
 +
'''Code:'''
 +
<pre>
 +
*{{Endn|1}}: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oYNwYo9GA7w Warhammer TV: The Daemonifuge Returns (published 04.04.2020)] ''(last accessed 30 May 2020)''
 
</pre>
 
</pre>
  
Line 94: Line 161:
 
*{{Endn|14}}: <nowiki><nowiki>http://www.badabwar.com</nowiki></nowiki> ''(site no longer online, no archived version found, last accessed 12 July 2006)''
 
*{{Endn|14}}: <nowiki><nowiki>http://www.badabwar.com</nowiki></nowiki> ''(site no longer online, no archived version found, last accessed 12 July 2006)''
 
</pre>
 
</pre>
 +
 +
'''Note:''' Mark inactive sources with the [[:Template:Replace citation|Replace citation template]].
  
 
===Inactive, archived sites===
 
===Inactive, archived sites===
If a website has been removed from the internet there is a chance that an archived version of the site still exists, for example in the [http://web.archive.org/ Internet Archive] (also known simply as the ''Wayback Machine''). In this case the formatting of the footnote should look look like this:
+
If a website has been removed from the internet there is a chance that an archived version of the site still exists, for example in the [http://web.archive.org/ Internet Archive] (also known simply as the ''[[Wikipedia:Wayback Machine|Wayback Machine]]''). In this case the formatting of the footnote should look look like this:
  
 
'''Example:'''
 
'''Example:'''
  
:*{{Endn|11}}: [http://web.archive.org/web/20110211195348/http://www.games-workshop.com/MEDIA_CustomProductCatalog/m70041a_Strategy_cards_4 Games Workshop: Strategy Cards] for [[Planetary Empires]] expansion game, card ''"Hatred - Minor Stratagem"'', ''(saved archive page, dated February 2011, last accessed 6 October 2015)''
+
:*{{Endn|11}}: [http://web.archive.org/web/20110211195348/http://www.games-workshop.com/MEDIA_CustomProductCatalog/m70041a_Strategy_cards_4 Games Workshop: Strategy Cards] for [[Planetary Empires]] expansion game, card ''"Hatred - Minor Stratagem"'' ''(saved archive page, dated 11 February 2011, last accessed 06 October 2015)''
  
 
'''Code:'''
 
'''Code:'''
 
<pre>
 
<pre>
:*{{Endn|11}}: [http://web.archive.org/web/20110211195348/http://www.games-workshop.com/MEDIA_CustomProductCatalog/m70041a_Strategy_cards_4 Games Workshop: Strategy Cards] for [[Planetary Empires]] expansion game, card ''"Hatred - Minor Stratagem"'', ''(saved archive page, dated February 2011, last accessed 6 October 2015)''
+
:*{{Endn|11}}: [http://web.archive.org/web/20110211195348/http://www.games-workshop.com/MEDIA_CustomProductCatalog/m70041a_Strategy_cards_4 Games Workshop: Strategy Cards] for [[Planetary Empires]] expansion game, card ''"Hatred - Minor Stratagem"'' ''(saved archive page, dated 11 February 2011, last accessed 06 October 2015)''
 
</pre>
 
</pre>
 
==Citing multiple references from the same source==
 
If the article you are editing requires sourcing from more than one page of the material (e.g. different pages of the same Codex), then the main source must be listed under the main footnote number (e.g. 16), and the individual pages or chapters listed under the same number ''with consecutive letters added'' (e.g. 16a, 16b, 16c...).
 
 
'''Example:'''
 
:Statement sourced from one section of source material {{Fn|16a}} ... end of paragraph with citation for a ''different section'' of the ''same'' source material.{{Fn|16b}}
 
 
The footnotes for these citations are are placed below the main source as an indented column by adding two asterisks (**) at the start of each footnote line. The source material is listed at the top, with a single asterisk (*).
 
 
:<big>'''Sources'''</big>
 
:*{{Endn|16}}: [[Codex: Space Marines (5th Edition)]]
 
:**{{Endn|16a}}: p. 27
 
:**{{Endn|16b}}: p. 31
 
:**{{Endn|16c}}: p. 49
 
 
''Please practice testing this function in the [[Warhammer 40k - Lexicanum:Immaterium|Immaterium]].''
 
  
 
==Tagging missing citations==
 
==Tagging missing citations==
Line 130: Line 183:
 
<nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Add'l cite|Add'l cite]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki>
 
<nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Add'l cite|Add'l cite]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki>
 
:For articles that already have some sources, but need further work.
 
:For articles that already have some sources, but need further work.
<nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Cite section|Cite section]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki>
 
:For article sections that are not explicitly linked to a source, and whose canonicity is disputed.
 
 
<nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Cite This|Cite This]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki>
 
<nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Cite This|Cite This]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki>
:For sentences that are not explicitly linked to a source, and whose canonicity is disputed. This template is also used on footnotes that lack page numbers (or novel chapters).
+
:For sentences that are not explicitly linked to a source, and whose [[Warhammer 40k - Lexicanum:Accepted sources|official status]] is disputed. This template is also used on footnotes that lack page numbers (or novel chapters).
  
 
==Old styles of citation==
 
==Old styles of citation==
Older forms of citation included the manual use of superscript (<nowiki><sup> </sup></nowiki>) and [[Template:Howtosource|comment tags]]; whenever an Adept comes across this blasphemous formatting, they are urged to purge it with righteous fire, replacing it with the current citation method.
+
Older forms of citation included the manual use of superscript (<nowiki><sup> </sup></nowiki>) and ''comment tags''. When encountered these outdated and outlawed citation styles should be replaced by the current citation method.
  
==Sources==
+
==Non-officially recognized Trivia sources==
*{{Endn|0}}: This footnote hasn't been researched at ''all''. Click the footnote number to see the in-line citation (it works both ways!).
+
For the [[:Template:Trivia|Trivia sections]] sources that are not officially recognized game or lore ressources the relevant sources should be formatted as [[Lexicanum:External Linking|direct external links to the source]] of the "Trivia" item (see also [[Warhammer_40k_-_Lexicanum:Allowed_content#References.2C_inspirations.2C_.22real_world.22_information|here]]).
  
==See also==
+
'''Example:'''
*[[Warhammer 40k - Lexicanum:Sourcing|Sourcing]]
 
*[[Warhammer 40k - Lexicanum:Canon|Canon]]
 
*[[Template:Fn]]
 
*[[Template:Endn]]
 
  
==Text dump from "Sourcing"==
+
"At the [[Wikipedia:First Council of Nicaea|First Council of Nicaea]], in 325 AD [[Wikipedia:Constantine the Great|Constantine the Great]] — the first openly Christian Emperor of Rome - invited 1800 bishops to meet together for the first to time establish Christianity as a single consistent faith."
{{WIP}}
 
'''Sourcing''' in Lexicanum is important to maintain a professional and objective insight into the Warhammer 40,000 universe. To this end, please follow these rules although variation is expected.
 
  
==Basics==
+
'''Code:'''
Throughout the article you are creating, at the end of paragraphs you must put a number to identify where the information in the paragraph came from. Also, if there is information from more than one source in one paragraph, you should put the relevant number at the relevant point in the text. This is shown here:
+
<pre>
 
+
<nowiki>At the [[Wikipedia:First Council of Nicaea|First Council of Nicaea]], in 325 AD [[Wikipedia:Constantine the Great|Constantine the Great]] the first openly Christian Emperor of Rome - invited 1800 bishops to meet together for the first to time establish Christianity as a single consistent faith.</nowiki>
"Wikipedia rules <sup>1</sup>. The source for this text is coming from me rather than Wikipedia<sup>2</sup>. If I then said that Wikipedia is a free online encyclopedia I would have to source it <sup>1</sup>."
+
</pre>
 
 
You can also source bulk text in the same way, just don't think you have to source every single sentence!
 
 
 
Even if there is only one source to a article, you '''MUST''' put a foornote to any and all paragraphs. This is so that if any information is added at a later date then it is clear where information is from.
 
 
 
==Doing numbers==
 
To produce the small, superscript numbers you should type <nowiki><sup></nowiki> (short for superscript), then the number, and then <nowiki></sup></nowiki>. A full example would be <nowiki><sup>1</sup></nowiki>. You can put anything you like between the sups, but we suggest only using a number as that is how it is done throughout Lexicanum.
 
 
 
An alternative way to create superscript numbers is the [[Template:C]].
 
 
 
==At the end==
 
At the end of the text, you should create a level two heading (<nowiki>==Headline Text==</nowiki>) entitled Sources (i.e. <nowiki>==Sources==</nowiki>) under which you will put the proper name of the source and page number referenced. You can use both internal and external links and most of the sources you will use will be something we have an internal article on. To do this, put a star (*) and type the sup of the article you wish to source from. Then place a colon after the <nowiki></sup></nowiki> and type the link in. An example is:
 
<table><tr><td>
 
==Sources==
 
*<sup>1</sup>:[[Codex: Imperial Guard (3rd Edition, 2nd Codex)]] Page 3
 
*<sup>2</sup>:[[Codex: Imperial Guard (3rd Edition, 1st Codex)]] Page 1
 
*<sup>3</sup>:[[Imperial Armour Volume One - Imperial Guard and Imperial Navy]] Page 17
 
*<sup>4</sup>:[[Imperial Armour: Volume 4 - The Anphelion Project]] Page 49
 
</td></tr></table>
 
 
 
==Referencing multiple pages from one source==
 
If the article you are editing requires sourcing from more than one page of the material e.g. a [[Novels|Novel]] or [[Codex]], then add a letter, starting in alphabetical order, to the sourced body of text alongside the number of the original source as you would when normally sourcing.e.g.:
 
 
 
<nowiki>Horus revolted against the Imperium.<sup>1a</sup> ... But was ultimately defeated at great cost.<sup>1b</sup>
 
</nowiki>
 
 
 
'''Displays as:'''
 
 
 
Horus revolted against the Imperium.<sup>1a</sup> ... But was ultimately defeated at great cost.<sup>1b</sup>
 
 
 
 
 
Then add a sub section below the original source by putting two <nowiki>(*)</nowiki> and create superscript with letters instead e.g.:
 
 
 
<nowiki>==Sources==
 
*<sup>1</sup>: [[Codex Example]]:
 
**<sup>a</sup>: p. 22
 
**<sup>b</sup>: Chapter 6</nowiki>
 
 
 
'''Displays as:'''
 
<table><tr><td>
 
==Sources==
 
*<sup>1</sup>: [[Codex Example]]:
 
**<sup>a</sup>: p. 22
 
**<sup>b</sup>: Chapter 6
 
</td></tr></table>
 
 
 
In the case of Codices, a page number is needed, whereas with novels a Chapter number can suffice if you are extracting a large amount of information from said chapter. However if the information is only on a precise few pages then they must be sourced precisely, similar to the codex style. Short Stories may be sourced by only their title.
 
 
 
==Web Site Sourcing==
 
Only official Games Workshop (and subsidiaries) websites should be listed as a source.
 
===PDF files===
 
You cannot link directly to a .pdf document. GW & Lexicanum policy state you must link to the Terms of Use that leads to the .pdf file. And only to .pdf files that are posted on an official GW site.
 
===Active Sites===
 
When citing a web site, use the same process as citing a GW publication.  Also include a notation of when you viewed the site using ISO date notation (YYYY.MM.DD). Example:
 
<table><tr><td>
 
*<sup>1</sup>:[http://www.armageddon3.com/ Armageddon 3 Web Site] ''(site accessed 2007.02.17)''
 
</td></tr></table>
 
===Inactive Sites===
 
A website that has been removed should not be listed as a source. However, if a site that had been listed as a source (see above) has been taken down, the citation should be changed as follows:
 
# Remove the link brackets <nowiki>[ ]</nowiki>
 
# Place <nowiki><nowiki></nowiki></nowiki> tags around the URL. This will keep it from becomming a link.
 
# Add notation that the site is no longer active.
 
Example:
 
{|
 
|*<sup>1</sup>:<nowiki>http://www.badabwar.com</nowiki> ''(site is no longer active, accessed 2006.07.12)''
 
|}
 
Here is the coding:
 
{|
 
|*<sup>1</sup>:<nowiki>&lt;nowiki&gt;http://www.badabwar.com&lt;/nowiki&gt;</nowiki> <nowiki>''(site is no longer active, accessed 2006.07.12)''</nowiki>
 
|}
 
 
 
==Examples of Good Sourcing==
 
* The [[Thousand Sons]] article
 
* The [[Imperial Fists]] article
 
  
==Old Sourcing==
+
==Examples of good sourcing==
The older and out of use form of sourcing can be found here: [[Lexicanum:Sourcing (old)]].
+
* ''to be found''
  
 
[[Category: Lexicanum Help|Citation]]
 
[[Category: Lexicanum Help|Citation]]

Revision as of 08:59, 18 April 2022

Helpful articles
ServiceImage.jpg

Most important rules summarized

  • Precise and detailed citations are required for all text passages, images and media used in Lexicanum articles.
  • Only accepted sources are permitted.
  • Users who fail to comply with Lexicanum Citation rules will be banned and their work deleted.

Introduction

Citations and footnotes (often also referred to simply as sources or sourcing) are essential elements of well-sourced Lexicanum articles. This page covers the rules and formats applied to properly reference sources on the Lexicanum.

On the importance of sourcing

The correct use of the sources and the possibility for readers and editors to verify what was used as the basis for an article is what distinguishes the Lexicanum from many other wiki-based encyclopaedia projects. Only proper sourcing allows to weed out false or fan-made information and to maintain a high level of reliability and quality of content. Therefore the correct use of sources is vital. From a practical point of view citations help anyone editing the article after you, and prevent unnecessary reverts or long discussions about the authenticity of sources. In addition detailed referencing assists other users in their research for these or other related articles. Also generally referring to official sources only means details won't be misremembered or entered vaguely or false information based on hearsay or "urban legends" finds its way into the Lexicanum.

The Lexicanum applies a very strict policy in this regard: Any article created without proper sourcing will be deleted. Any changes to existing articles without proper sourcing will be reverted. This includes not only the addition of text but also of images or other media. Repeat offenders will be banned. So source your articles properly, and help add references to articles without proper citations!

What are acceptable sources?

All sources used must be part of the Warhammer 40,000 acceptable sources. While it is impossible to cover all eventualities this includes all official print or online material. If you are unsure if a source can be legitimately used, ask your fellow users, a Lexicanum Administrator or a Bureaucrat.

We are aware that accepted sources might contradict each other, but there is no "hierarchy of sources" - i.e. no official source is considered more valid than another official source. More recent sources do however take precedence over older sources. This does however not mean that the old information is considered "wrong" and has to be deleted altogether. It is an explicit goal of the Lexicanum to also reflect outdated information - with appropriate disclaimers and explanations.

Citation format

General requirements

In general sources must contain the exact title of the publication as it appears on the Lexicanum (pay attention to not link to redirects but to the correct target article) and the exact location of the information within the source. For print publications the latter means pagenumber(s) (or for example a specification like "front/ back cover"), for e-book formats pagenumbers are not "fixed", therefore in this case chapter numbers are acceptable. Do note that the names of authors are not included in the citations. For video and audio publications it also has to be mentioned where exactly in the file the information is to be found.

If an information "stretches" over several pages (or in extreme cases even chapters in for example a novel) the range of pages (or chapters) must be given in the citation. An example for this would be events that stretch over a period of time and can not be pinpointed to an exact paragraph or sentence in a source. Note however that on no account this practice is allowed to be abused to avoid the need for citations for details that can be pinpointed to an exact part of the source.

Do also note that for images the exactly corresponding source must be given, i.e. from which official source an image was taken as it appears or from which it was modified for use in the Lexicanum (the nature of the modification must also be mentioned in the corresponding image file). It is not allowed to merely use a source that only shows a similar image (for example to cite a novel cover as the source for the image if the original artwork used for the Lexicanum is clearly larger than the one used for the novel cover). Also do note that an explicit source for the actual subject of the image is required. This means you cannot simply assume/ interprete/ extrapolate that for example a person on a novel cover actually is the title character of said novel unless it is specifically stated in an official source or undisputable elements of the picture show this (e.g. the character's name on a banner or an inscription on the armour etc.) or there is really, really, really no doubt whatsoever. The latter case can normally only be argued for extremely well-known and depicted characters, such as the Emperor or the Primarchs.

In the case of websites the precise sub-link for the source is required. For details and practical considerations see below.

There is one exception where footnotes should not be used: For the Trivia sections sources that are not officially recognized game or lore ressources the relevant sources should be formatted as direct external links to the source of the "Trivia" item (see also here).

How often and where do I need to add citations?

Citations must at least be added at the end of each paragraph (including the introductory one!) - even if there is only one source to an article. In other words: It is is compulsory to include a citation in any and all paragraphs. This also explicitly applies to the introductory sentence or paragraph at the beginning of an article. Any and all images used in an article must also be sourced with a citation at the end of the corresponding caption. The reason behind this is that when information from another source is edited or added at a later date it will still be clear where which information is from.

If multiple sources are used within the same paragraph the correct footnotes must be added at the end of the corresponding sentence - not in a "collective" citation at the end of the paragraph. If a specific information is found in different sources, multiple footnotes are to be inserted accordingly at the end of the sentence or paragraph. It does however not make a lot of sense to add a huge number of different sources saying exactly the same - common sense and a policy of "not overdoing it" should be applied in these cases. If one sentence contains information from different sources it is best to place the citation directly behind the information it is the source for.

Citations in tables

Entries into tables (for example about details of a unit) also require citations.

Citations in lists

Entries into lists (for example about members of an organization) also require citations. However due to space restrictions and because each item in a list also has its own article one source only is permitted per entry - the complete list of sources can be found in the article proper.

How to add citations

In the Lexicanum the footnote template is used to link the in-line citation number with the matching footnote (click the number to see this in action).[0] We use {{Fn|#}} for the in-line citation number, and {{Endn|#}} to link to the footnote at the bottom of the page (# is replaced with the footnote number, starting at 1 and running 'til you run out of references). For example:

Paragraph of new text, or statement.[1]

Code:

Paragraph of new text, or statement.{{Fn|1}}

This footnote is then referenced as an internal (most cases) or external link (for web sites) under the level two "Sources" heading (i.e. ==Sources==) at the end of the article:

Code:

*{{Endn|1}}: [[Codex: Blood Angels (3rd Edition)]], pg. 71

In practice, it should look like this:

This new text has something to prove. It was founded on the ice-world of Hubbleron in late M29[2] and will have citations at the end of each and every paragraph.[3]
Sources

Sources

  • 0: This footnote hasn't been researched at all. Click the footnote number to see the in-line citation (it works both ways!).

Different formats

The above example covers most print materials permitted as sources on Lexicanum. Some formats, however, have varying page numbers (for example digital publications depending on the font size used on e-readers or for paper versions different print runs, or different editions like hardback or softback issues) or irregular formats. Therefore we cannot rely on using pagenumbers for sourcing in these cases. Instead information should be cited as detailed below:

In the case of novels, chapter numbers are compulsory. These chapter numbers should retain the format as given in the original source, e.g. do not write "Chapter 9" if in the book it is written as "Chapter IX" etc. If the chapters are not numbered chapter names or other divisions (e.g. "Part III") are to be used. Page numbers can be given for print sources (but since they may vary between print runs or format they should be accompanied by additonal information, for example "printed in the US 2010" or "2011 Special Collector's edition" etc.). Also do note that when specific information (e.g. image material) is only included in specific editions of a publication this must obviously be listed in the source section. Do note that the Lexicanum does not reference the authors, ISBN numbers or similar information in its citations. This information can be found in the corresponding articles about the source itself.

So for a typical novel the footnote should look like this:

Short stories are to be referenced with their full title (as used in the corresponding Lexicanum article), the anthology in which it was published (if applicable). Like novels, page numbers differ between print runs. Unlike novels, short stories often don't have chapters to quote.

Audiobooks are referenced in a similar manner to novels, but using track numbers instead of chapter numbers.

Citing multiple references from the same source

If the article you are editing or creating requires sourcing from more than one page of the source (e.g. different pages of the same book), then the main source must be listed under the main footnote number as a normal (i.e. non-footnote template) number (e.g. "16"), and the individual pages or chapters listed under the same number with consecutive letters added with the proper footnote template (e.g. {{Endn|16a}}, {{Endn|16b}}, {{Endn|16c}}...).

Example:

Statement sourced from one section of source material [16a] ... end of paragraph with citation for a different section of the same source material.[16b]

The footnotes for these citations are placed below the main source as an indented column by adding two asterisks (**) at the start of each footnote line. The source material is listed at the top, with a single asterisk (and without using the footnote template) (*).

Sources

Web site sourcing

Only official Games Workshop (and subsidiaries or license holders) websites or official channels used by Games Workshop (and subsidiaries or license holders) on media portals or social media sites etc. can be used as a source. Do not link to third party websites illegally hosting copyrighted material. Also note that only archive links are allowed to be listed as sources for files or in articles. The reason for this is quite simple: websites (and thereby the cited sources) constantly disappear. The only way to try to keep those sources accessible despite a potential removal is by using archive links from the Wayback Machine.

Active sites

When citing a active web site, use the same process as citing any other allowed publication. This means that you must include an archive version of an External link containing the name of the webpage and of the specific sub-page used as a source and as found (or saved by oneself) in the Wayback Machine. This also applies for media portals or social media networks. If for example a date of posting was included you also have to include that in the exact form as given on the page. In the case of video or audio publications the precise position of the relevant part of the file must also be mentioned. Apart from the date of the archiving of the site you must also include a notation of when you viewed the site to use it as a source. Note: It is mandatory to work with archived links as active web sites can disappear from the Internet without warning or trace. For more details on how to use archived links see further down.

Example 1:

Code:

*{{Endn|12}}: [https://web.archive.org/web/20201126092400/https://www.games-workshop.com/en-EU/Titandeath-sb-2019 Games Workshop: Adeptus Titanicus: The Horus Heresy – Titandeath Campaign Book] ''(saved archive page, dated 26 November 2020, last accessed 14 March 2021)''

Example 2:

Code:

*{{Endn|15}}: [[https://web.archive.org/web/20200106121459/https://www.warhammer-community.com/2019/08/12/successor-chapter-showcase-paul-nortons-iron-ravensgw-homepage-post-1/ Warhammer Community: Successor Chapter Showcase: Paul Norton’s Iron Ravens (Posted 12/08/2019)] ''(saved archive page, dated 06 January 2020, last accessed 14 March 2021)

Videos

Note that since the Wayback Machine has trouble with archiving videos it is - at least currently - not compulsory to use archive links here. All other citation requirements do however apply.

Example:

Code:

*{{Endn|19}}: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xjSu0HwM9xU Warhammer TV: Deathwatch - Building a Kill Team (published 22.08.2016)] ''(last accessed 27 January 2020)'': 00h:04m:27s

Embedded videos

All Embedded videos must be sourced in their description. Note that only videos from Accepted sources are allowed. Also note that since the Wayback Machine has trouble with archiving videos it is - at least currently - not compulsory to use archive links here. All other citation requirements do however apply.

Example:

Code:

*{{Endn|1}}: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oYNwYo9GA7w Warhammer TV: The Daemonifuge Returns (published 04.04.2020)] ''(last accessed 30 May 2020)''

Inactive, non-archived sites

A website that has been removed from the internet should if possible not be used as a source. Sometimes it is however impossible to avoid it, specifically when the removed website was the only source in existence. In this case the citation has to be changed as follows:

  1. Remove the link brackets [ ]
  2. Place <nowiki></nowiki> tags around the URL. This will keep it from becoming a link.
  3. Add notation that the site is no longer active and not archived, including the last access date.

Example:

  • 14: http://www.badabwar.com (site no longer online, no archived version found, last accessed 12 July 2006)

Code:

*{{Endn|14}}: <nowiki>http://www.badabwar.com</nowiki> ''(site no longer online, no archived version found, last accessed 12 July 2006)''

Note: Mark inactive sources with the Replace citation template.

Inactive, archived sites

If a website has been removed from the internet there is a chance that an archived version of the site still exists, for example in the Internet Archive (also known simply as the Wayback Machine). In this case the formatting of the footnote should look look like this:

Example:

Code:

:*{{Endn|11}}: [http://web.archive.org/web/20110211195348/http://www.games-workshop.com/MEDIA_CustomProductCatalog/m70041a_Strategy_cards_4 Games Workshop: Strategy Cards] for [[Planetary Empires]] expansion game, card ''"Hatred - Minor Stratagem"'' ''(saved archive page, dated 11 February 2011, last accessed 06 October 2015)''

Tagging missing citations

If you stumble upon an article or a sentence that needs a verifiable source, you should use one of the following templates. Place the template at the bottom of the page, directly above the citations section.

{{Cite}}

For articles that do not have sources at all, or have very few.

{{Add'l cite}}

For articles that already have some sources, but need further work.

{{Cite This}}

For sentences that are not explicitly linked to a source, and whose official status is disputed. This template is also used on footnotes that lack page numbers (or novel chapters).

Old styles of citation

Older forms of citation included the manual use of superscript (<sup> </sup>) and comment tags. When encountered these outdated and outlawed citation styles should be replaced by the current citation method.

Non-officially recognized Trivia sources

For the Trivia sections sources that are not officially recognized game or lore ressources the relevant sources should be formatted as direct external links to the source of the "Trivia" item (see also here).

Example:

"At the First Council of Nicaea, in 325 AD Constantine the Great — the first openly Christian Emperor of Rome - invited 1800 bishops to meet together for the first to time establish Christianity as a single consistent faith."

Code:

At the [[Wikipedia:First Council of Nicaea|First Council of Nicaea]], in 325 AD [[Wikipedia:Constantine the Great|Constantine the Great]] — the first openly Christian Emperor of Rome - invited 1800 bishops to meet together for the first to time establish Christianity as a single consistent faith.

Examples of good sourcing

  • to be found